| Abstract | Uvod: Eksperimentiranje i konzumacija duhanskih i alternativnih proizvoda najčešće započinje u adolescentnoj dobi. Istraživanja o konzumaciji duhanskih i alternativnih proizvodima po mnogim studijama povezuju istu sa konzumacijom alkohola i lošijom socioekonomskom situacijom u obitelji. Učenici škola za medicinske sestre, kao budući promotori zdravih životnih navika, educirani su o štetnosti konzumacije nikotinskih proizvoda i alkohola. Međutim, unatoč tome, i sami ih konzumiraju.
Cilj: Cilj ovog istraživanja je ispitati prevalenciju konzumacije duhanskih i alternativnih proizvoda među učenicima medicinskih škola, kao i ispitati korelacije između konzumacije duhanskih i alternativnih proizvoda, alkohola, narušenih odnosa u obitelji i lošijih socioekonomskih uvjeta.
Metode: Istraživanje je provedeno na učenicima petih razreda srednjih medicinskih škola u Gradu Zagrebu, od prosinca 2023. do veljače 2024. Podatci su prikupljani anonimnim anketnim upitnikom, prilagođene i segmentirane verzije upitnika Svjetske zdravstvene organizacije u prijevodu Hrvatskog zavoda za javno zdravstvo, GYTS (Global Youth Tobacco Survey) u papirnatom obliku. Upitnik je u prvom dijelu sadržavao socio-demografska pitanja. Drugi dio upitnika sadržavao je pitanja o navikama i stavovima konzumacije duhanskih i alternativnih proizvoda i alkohola.
Rezultati: U istraživanju je sudjelovalo ukupno 196 ispitanika, pri čemu je 5 ispitanika isključeno zbog nepotpunih odgovora u anketi. Polovica (51,3 %) ispitanika izjavilo je da je u posljednjih 30 dana konzumiralo više od jedne cigarete dnevno, a 21,1 % ispitanika pušilo je 10 ili više dana u istom razdoblju. Čak 80,6 % ispitanika prvu je cigaretu popušilo s 12 ili više godina, dok je 12 % izjavilo da nema skladne obiteljske odnose. Nije utvrđena statistički značajna povezanost između narušenih obiteljskih odnosa i konzumacije duhanskih proizvoda. Eksperimentiranje s drugim oblicima duhanskih proizvoda (npr. cigare, cigarilosi) prijavilo je 56 % ispitanika. Čak 87,4 % ispitanika nije eksperimentiralo s bezdimnim duhanskim proizvodima (žvakanje, ušmrkavanje duhana). Većina ispitanika (97,4 %) upoznata je s postojanjem elektroničkih cigareta, a 67,5 % ih je barem jednom koristilo. Povremenu konzumaciju alkohola prijavilo je 82,2 % ispitanika, dok 44,5 % njih konzumira i duhanske proizvode prilikom konzumacije alkohola. Utvrđena je statistički značajna povezanost između konzumacije alkohola i pušenja. Trećina ispitanika (33,5 %) nikada nije dobila savjet ili pomoć pri prestanku pušenja, a glavni motivatori za prestanak su poboljšanje zdravlja i financijski razlozi. Roditelji puše kod 58,1 % ispitanika, a 40,2 % ih je svakodnevno izloženo pasivnom pušenju. Također, 82 % ispitanika svjedočilo je pušenju u školskim prostorima. Unatoč visokim stopama konzumacije duhanskih proizvoda, čak 90,6 % ispitanika smatra pušenje štetnim za zdravlje.
Zaključak: Ovo istraživanje pokazuje visoku učestalost pušenja, konzumacije duhanskih i alternativnih proizvoda te alkohola među ispitanicima. Utvrđena je značajna povezanost između konzumacije alkohola i duhanskih proizvoda, dok nije pronađena statistički značajna veza između lošijeg socioekonomskog statusa ili obiteljske dinamike i konzumacije duhanskih i alternativnih proizvoda. Rezultati pokazuju da ispitanici često počinju eksperimentirati s cigaretama u ranoj dobi, a značajan broj njihovih roditelja također puši. Osim toga, mnogi su redovito izloženi pasivnom pušenju. Unatoč svijesti o štetnim učincima pušenja, veliki broj ispitanika nastavlja pušiti, što predstavlja ozbiljan problem.. Stoga je potrebno ojačati preventivne mjere za smanjenje pušenja među adolescentima i prilagoditi obrazovne programe za medicinske sestre. Poseban naglasak treba staviti na prevenciju maloljetničke upotrebe duhanskih i alternativnih proizvoda te podizanje svijesti o njihovim štetnim učincima. |
| Abstract (english) | Introduction: Experimentation with and consumption of tobacco and alternative products often begins during adolescence. Studies on tobacco use frequently link it to alcohol consumption and poorer socioeconomic conditions within families. Students in nursing schools are future advocates for healthy lifestyle habits; therefore, they are educated about the harmful effects of nicotine products and alcohol.
Aim: This study aims to examine the prevalence of tobacco and alternative product consumption among students in medical schools, as well as to investigate the correlations between the consumption of these products, alcohol use, and poorer socioeconomic conditions.
Methods: The study was conducted among fifth-grade students of secondary medical schools in the City of Zagreb from December 2023 to February 2024. Data were collected using an anonymous questionnaire, an adapted and segmented version of the World Health Organization's Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS), translated by the Croatian Institute of Public Health, in paper format. The first part of the questionnaire included sociodemographic questions, while the second part contained questions regarding habits and attitudes about tobacco, alternative products, and alcohol consumption.
Results: A total of 196 participants took part in the study, with 5 participants excluded due to incomplete responses. Of the remaining participants, 51.3 % reported consuming more than one cigarette per day in the last 30 days, while 21.1 % reported smoking on 10 or more days during the same period. Most participants (80.6 %) smoked their first cigarette at age 12 or older, and only 12 % reported having poor family relationships. No statistically significant association was found between poor family relationships and tobacco use. Additionally, 56 % of participants reported experimenting with other forms of tobacco products, such as cigars and cigarillos, while 87.4 % had not tried smokeless tobacco products like chewing tobacco or snuff. A large majority (97.4 %) were aware of electronic cigarettes, and 67.5 % reported having used them at least once. Regarding alcohol consumption, 82.2 % of participants reported consuming alcohol occasionally, and 44.5 % of these participants also smoked tobacco while drinking. The study found a statistically significant association between alcohol consumption and smoking. Furthermore, 33.5 % of participants reported never having received advice or assistance to quit smoking. The primary motivations for quitting smoking were to improve health and financial reasons. About 58.1 % of participants reported that their parents smoke, and 40.2 % reported daily exposure to secondhand smoke. A significant number of participants (82 %) witnessed smoking on school premises. Despite their unhealthy habits regarding tobacco consumption, 90.6 % of participants believe that smoking is harmful to health.
Conclusion: This study highlights the high prevalence of smokers, as well as consumers of tobacco and alternative products, among students. It confirmed a significant association between alcohol consumption and tobacco use. However, no link was found between poorer economic conditions or poor family relationships and the consumption of tobacco and alternative products. The study also provided insights into the early age of experimentation with cigarettes and the high prevalence of smoking among parents, as well as the significant exposure to secondhand smoke among participants. Although participants are aware of the harmful effects of smoking, many continue to smoke, which is concerning. These findings emphasize the need to enhance preventive measures aimed at reducing smoking among adolescents and to improve the educational curriculum in nursing schools to include prevention of underage use of tobacco and alternative products, while also raising awareness about their harmful effects. |
