Based on sources and literature, the author explores the connection between Islam and the identity of today's Bosnian Muslims, also known as Bosniaks. The author pays special attention to Islamic holy scriptures, as well as to Croatian, Serbian, and Bosniak historiographical literature, which deal with the Bosnian kingdom in the Middle Ages, the Bosnian Church, the Ottoman occupation, the Islamization of the population of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Austro-Hungarian administration over this territory, and the general development of the identity of Bosnian Muslims from the Middle Ages to the present. Islamic holy scriptures provide the necessary data related to the political nature of Islam and show how it affects the identities of peoples who have come into contact with Islam. Literature related to the development of national identity and nationalism provides basic data on the nature of ethnic, cultural, and religious identity, and in conjunction with Islamic holy scriptures and historiographical records on medieval Bosnians, Islamization, and their position under foreign rule, provides the necessary data to depict the stages of development of the identity of Bosnian Muslims. Insights from Islamic holy scriptures such as the Quran and Hadith provide essential information about the functioning of Muslim communities and their relationship with other religions. By presenting literature from Croatian, Serbian, and Bosniak historiography, three different interpretations of historical events are provided, as well as three different perspectives on the present and future of peoples and nations in the area of modern Bosnia and Herzegovina. All of this provides an insight into how, when, and why Islam influenced the formation of the national identity of the Bosniaks, and what consequences this influence had not only on them but also on Croats and Serbs.