Although the decision on women's surnames is becoming an increasingly common topic in the world scientific literature (Goldin & Shim, 2004; Scheuble & Johnson, 1993; 2005; 2016; Snyder, 2009), only a small number of studies have focused on studying differences in personality traits between women who make different decisions regarding the surname after marriage (Forbes et al., 2002; Robnett et al., 2016). Therefore, this study sought to examine whether there are differences in personality traits between married women with different surname decisions. The sample consisted of 2526 participants, of which 1327 took the husband's surname (52.5%), 219 kept their maiden name (8.7%), and 980 added their husband's surname to their maiden name (38.8%). The research was conducted through an online survey consisting of International Personality Item Pool (IPIP-50; Mlačić & Goldberg, 2007), a translation of The Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI; Bem, 1974) and The Dominace Scale (Hamby, 1996). The results suggest that, with a very small effect size, there are differences between different groups of married women on the dimensions of masculinity, femininity, agreeableness, intellect, and restrictiveness. On the other hand, women with different surname choices do not differ significantly in the dimensions of extraversion, conscientiousness, emotional stability, disparagement, and dominance. This research aims to expand the knowledge about the role of personality traits in making important life decisions and lay the foundations for further research on the decision on the surname of married women in Croatia and the world.